Sharing About Bali, Indonesia & My Opinion
I want to share everything I know in my life, especially about my country Indonesia. As human we are a social creature so by sharing what I know in my life I can contribute something to the world.
May 15, 2014
November 8, 2012
Good Philosophy
A wise man once sat in the audience and cracked a joke - all of them laughed like crazy.
After a moment he cracked the same joke again & a little less people laughed this time...
He cracked the same one again & no one laughed !!!
Then he smiled and said ''when you can't laugh on the same joke again & again then why do you keep crying over the same thing over & over again''
FORGET the past and MOVE ON ...
6 PRINCIPLES OF LIFE
1. No point using limited life to chase unlimited money.
2. No point earning so much money you cannot live to spend it.
3. Money is not yours until you spend it.
4. When you are young, you use your health to chase your wealth; when you are old, you use your wealth to buy back your health. Difference is that, it is too late.
5. How happy a man is, is not how much he has but how little he needs.
6. No point working so hard to provide for the people you have no time to spend with.
Remember this -- We come to this world with nothing, we leave this world with nothing!
After a moment he cracked the same joke again & a little less people laughed this time...
He cracked the same one again & no one laughed !!!
Then he smiled and said ''when you can't laugh on the same joke again & again then why do you keep crying over the same thing over & over again''
FORGET the past and MOVE ON ...
6 PRINCIPLES OF LIFE
1. No point using limited life to chase unlimited money.
2. No point earning so much money you cannot live to spend it.
3. Money is not yours until you spend it.
4. When you are young, you use your health to chase your wealth; when you are old, you use your wealth to buy back your health. Difference is that, it is too late.
5. How happy a man is, is not how much he has but how little he needs.
6. No point working so hard to provide for the people you have no time to spend with.
Remember this -- We come to this world with nothing, we leave this world with nothing!
October 3, 2012
Gandhi: The apostle of peace and non-violence
Gurjit Singh, Jakarta | Opinion | Tue, October 02 2012, 9:09 AM
The writer is Ambassador of India to Indonesia.
Today we remember a great human being, Mohandas Karamchand Gandhi, or Mahatma Gandhi. As we commemorate the 143rd anniversary of the birth of this apostle of peace and non-violence, we also mark the 106th anniversary of the launch of Satyagraha, a movement of peaceful resistance, which was founded in South Africa on Sept. 11, 1906.
This movement created a sequence of events that had hitherto not been seen in human history and it ultimately led to the political liberation and creation of representative democracy in India, South Africa and in many post-colonial and other developing countries.
Mahatma Gandhi came from a family of modest means, which lived in the state of Gujarat of India. He was the son of a senior government official. Born on Oct. 2, 1869, he studied in a local school and college. He traveled to London in 1888 to study law at University College and trained as a barrister at the Inner Temple.
He returned to India in 1891 after being called to the Bar and made efforts to establish a legal practice in Bombay and subsequently in Rajkot. He accepted a 12-month contract from an Indian company near Durban in South Africa and sailed there in what turned out to be a major voyage of political discovery.
Gandhi spent 21 years in South Africa where his political skills were honed. He suffered discrimination in its full force.
The incident where he was forcibly removed from a first-class compartment of a train at Pietermaritzburg, and landed with a thud on the platform, led to a blow against the discriminatory political system in South Africa.
He extended his stay in South Africa, and worked with Indians facing discrimination there. He founded the Natal Indian Congress in 1894 and continued his work there experimenting with Satyagraha till he returned to India in 1915.
Upon his return home, Gandhi slowly and carefully transformed the movement for the freedom of India into a people’s movement by applying the principles of Satyagraha and taking it out of the drawing rooms and courtrooms and on to the streets.
Until he took the leadership, the Indian freedom movement had largely followed the legal process and worked within the political institutions in colonial India. The sheer momentum of the popular expression of unwillingness to be governed by the unequal and oppressive laws of colonialism led to cracks in the seemingly solid edifice of colonialism in India.
Satyagraha was an important element of Mahatma Gandhi’s philosophy and action. It initiated political processes to challenge injustice without violence, without hating the administrators and challenging the system on its own terms. It is interesting to remember that he held a contest in South Africa to give this movement a name and from various suggestions that he obtained, he chose “Sadagraha” which translated into “insistence on truth”.
Satyagraha propounded non-violence and non-aggression as a means to an end. Essentially, it altered the terms of power and authority and provided ordinary people with the ability to challenge the system without resorting to violence or accentuating divisions within segmented societies.
Between his experiments in South Africa and his leadership of the national movement in India, Gandhi created a spirit of participative democracy which held people in both these countries and many others in good stead.
Satyagraha and its political dimensions were clearly manifested in Gandhi’s own insistence on ends and means being inseparable, he believed firmly “as the means so the end”. Gandhi said that if a person pursued change with hatred in the heart towards anyone, the person would only get hatred in return and if injustice was to be fought with violence and other injustices, it would mar the results obtained.
In 1925, when the transformation of the national movement into a mass movement had already taken place, Gandhi wrote “No sacrifice is worth the name unless it is a joy. Sacrifice and a long face go ill together. Sacrifice is ‘making sacred’. He must be a poor specimen of humanity who is in need of sympathy for his sacrifice”.
Gandhi as a person was deeply religious though socially he promoted harmony among various religions and religious entities. It was his belief that spiritualism could be attained through prayers and fasts and that could create people with an absence of fear, hatred or greed. His own spirituality was based on religion generating the belief that many people, in spite of their extant differences, were all members of one family and that is what the new nation state could strive for.
It was his firm belief that individual religiosity could contribute to the creation of good people and such people would be the cornerstones of good societies. He was appreciative of many religions and faiths because he affirmed that tolerance and acceptance of this diversity of faiths was an instrument for the development of good society and for good governance.
One of the greatest attributes of Mahatma Gandhi was the simplicity with which he spoke, wrote and communicated. In his time, there was no Internet or its offspring, like Twitter and Facebook, to spread a message. Yet, his message travelled rapidly within India and abroad, each time he undertook a fast, a protest or a campaign.
In many ways, Gandhi was what today we would call a blogger for he wrote every day, whether he was incarcerated in a jail or traveling. He wrote for Young India and Navjivan, newspapers that carried his thoughts on a daily basis and some other publications in addition to which he wrote daily letters to people and newspapers, whose message was widely circulated and these contributions were looked forward to every day much like the blogs of today.
Gandhi remains an immortal symbol of love and understanding all over the world. The two aspects of Gandhi as a human being and Gandhi as a political leader were summed up by him in 1922, “The only virtue I want to claim is truth and non-violence. I lay no claim to superhuman powers. I want none. I wear the same corruptible flesh that the weakest of my fellow beings wears and is, therefore, as liable to err as any. My services have many limitations, but God has up to now blessed them in spite of the imperfections.”
Oct. 2, the birthday of Mahatma Gandhi, is celebrated in India as Gandhi Jayanti and is one of the three national holidays. In January 2007, a Satyagraha Conference was held in New Delhi to mark the centenary of the launch of Satyagraha in South Africa and a resolution at the Conference called for the day to be observed as an International Day of Non-violence.
This was accepted by the United Nations General Assembly on June 15, 2007. The resolution by the General Assembly requests all member countries to commemorate Oct. 2 in a fitting manner to disseminate the message of non-violence including through education and public awareness.
This year, the Embassy of India will commemorate Gandhi Jayanti and the International Day of Non-Violence by instituting the annual Mahatma Gandhi Memorial Lecture, the first of which will be delivered by Boediono, the Vice President of the Republic of Indonesia.
Several Indian cultural associations will organize events to increase people-to-people exchanges and enhance philanthropic activities, including a blood donation camp, donation of wheel chairs, and artificial limbs, cataract operations and the like.
July 6, 2011
Paradise : Where is it?
In the bible at Genesis chapter it's written :
Gen 2:8
And the LORD God planted a garden eastward in Eden; and there he put the man whom he had formed.
Gen 2:9
And out of the ground made the LORD God to grow every tree that is pleasant to the sight, and good for food; the tree of life also in the midst of the garden, and the tree of knowledge of good and evil.
Gen 2:10
And a river went out of Eden to water the garden; and from thence it was parted, and became into four heads.
Gen 2:11
The name of the first is Pison: that is it which compasseth the whole land of Havilah, where there is gold.
Gen 2:12
And the gold of that is good: there is bdellium and the onyx stone.
Gen 2:13
And the name of the second river is Gihon: the same is it that compasseth the whole land of Kush (Ethiopia).
Gen 2:14
And the name of the third river is Tigris : that is it which goeth toward the east of Assyria. And the fourth river is Euphrates.
Based on that text Eden Garden should be in Iran / Iraq. But until today the location of Eden Garden is not found. That's because the river Gihon and the river Pison are not exactly found. So where is the true location? It's still not concluded yet.
The late Prof. Arysio Santos said in his book that he knew the location of Eden & the four rivers surround it. A few of the rivers were in the ocean right now. He didn't write the name of the rivers in his book "Atlantis : The Lost Continent Finally Found". But he did make the sketch describe the four rivers. The location is in Indonesia that he believed was the location of Atlantis, the lost continent. The location of Eden in the bible might be the replica of the original location. It's not proven yet, but who knows it can be true. He believed the Sundaland was the location of Atlantis.
Below is his answer of a question "What are indeed Atlantis and Lemuria?"
Atlantis was a continent of the Atlantic Ocean where, according to Plato, and advanced civilization developed some 11,600 years ago. Plato affirms that, as the result of a huge volcanic cataclysm of worldwide extent, this continent sunk away underseas, disappearing forever. Official Science - the one you learn at school - rejects the actual existence of Atlantis, as it has so far been unable to find any traces of its reality. But the reason for that is simple to explain. Everybody has been looking in the wrong locations, as Atlantis indeed lies in the opposite side of the world.
Lemuria, on the other hand, is an even older version of Atlantis. Lemuria is indeed the same as the Garden of Eden and other such Paradises that in fact existed and were the actual birthplace of Mankind and Civilization, precisely as the Bible and other Holy Books affirm. From there, civilization spread to Atlantis and other parts of the world, in the dawn of times, some 20 or 30 thousand years ago, during the Ice Age.
The word paradise came from the word "para + desa"(Dravidian). "Para desa" means a village that very far. In Indonesia a village is called "desa". The word "desa" came from Sanskrit languange. It's one of language that enrich Indonesian language. Hinduism were widely affected this country in 4th century until 13th century. Sanskrit is a languange developed after the dravidian language. So Dravidian languange is older than Sanskrit.
Bali is well known as paradise island in the world. I have an American friend called Phoenix said that " Ubud is a paradise on earth". That's why she like to live there.
Paddy : A Plant that Change Man History
In Indonesia paddy (Oryza sativa) is a very important plant. Almost 70% of Indonesian eat rice. Rice is made from paddy added with water and cooked. Mostly Asians also consume this food such as Japan, China, Korean, Vietnam, Thailand, Malaysia, Philippians etc.
In ancient time, mankind were live nomad-en. Mostly our ancestors were hunters. After they found plant & able to grow it then the civilization started. Recently the scientist found rice in ..... which came from 15,000 BC. When did paddy firstly find? Maybe older than that time. The word "rice" was came from the word "sa ricci" (Dravidian). It means a plant in the
swamp.
After men were able to make plantation they made civilization such house, irrigation, etc. Knowledge start to develop until today. But when & where did it found is remain a mystery. Only time & new discovery will provide more accurate data.
Until today paddy field are found in Indonesia, especially in Java & Bali. In Bali the irrigation system called "Subak" is very important for this plant. Paddy will be grow in 3 (three) months. It needs water very much, that's why irrigation system will have significant impact to the result. Because Indonesia is located in equator, harvesting could be 2 times per year or more. Depend on agriculture system.
In Bali the "terasering" paddy rice fields is very beautiful. "Terasering" means the rice field are not in the same level, it in the different levels such stairs. You can see it in the movie "Eat, Pray, Love".
July 4, 2011
Did Hitler Live & Die in Indonesia?
Who doesn't know about Hitler, the Germany leader in world war 2. With his obsession & pride he wanted to conquer the world and make Aryan race (In-do German) become the supreme race. In the end after allies bombed Japan in Hiroshima & Nagasaki the German also defeated. Many of German leader fled across many countries. Even Adolf Hitler was running out of the country but never found until today.
In October 10, 2010 I went to Gramedia, a book store in Denpasar, Bali. My eyes catch the book which Title : "Hitler Mati di Indonesia" it means "Hitler Died in Indonesia". While waiting my wife selecting books at other section I read this book. For me it's quite interesting, but odd & strange. Is it real? That's the first question in my mind. So I read the book in a glimpse around 15 minutes.
It's very interesting, a few important information is written in the book. Hitler used the name doctor Poch entered Indonesia via Dompu, Sumbawa Besar, Indonesia. It's a clever move, he didn't enter big cities. I think he afraid to be found. So he chose East Indonesia region.
He had second wife, the name is Sulaesih, a sundanese woman. Sunda is a tribe from West Java. I think it's also a clever chose. I believe he did it on purpose, not just falling in love with a new woman. The capital city of Indonesia is Jakarta (Batavia), it's located in West Java. So when
he visit his wife families, he will be able to monitor & get important news. Or his wife keep contact with her familes & doctor Poch would receive the news too. As husband & wife they would keep communicating, didn't they?
The key witness was doctor Sosrohusodo. He was graduated from University of Indonesia. Once he wrote his opinion in one article on "Pikiran Rakyat" News on 1983. When I was in elementary school I heard about this, but I didn't concern about it that time.
He was also interviewed by media on February 24, 1994. The result of the interview was written on "Pikiran Rakyat" News. This article is posted in many blogs or websites today.
Eventually doctor Poch was died and burried in a public cemetery at Ngagel Street, Surabaya, East Java, Indonesia.
The puzzle of Adolf Hitler came out again & became hot news after on September 28, 2009 The Daily Telegraph made a report that the skeleton assumed belong to Hitler and kept in Russia was discovered not belong to him. In a Program History Channel Documentary, that England News explained that the skeleton is belong to a woman who died under 40 years old.
More interesting huh? Is it possible that Adolf Hitler died in Indonesia? It's possible, but who will take the DNA test of the skeleton? And recently, early November 2013, a U-boat (submarine) was discovered in Java Sea. It's emphasize the existence of Nazi in Indonesia during World War II. Just wait & see.
If you want to know more about the news, article or the book (only availabe in Bahasa Indonesia) simply klik the link below :
3. http://indobestseller.wordpress.com/2010/04/13/sejarah-terungkap-adolf-hitler-meninggal-di-indonesia/
4. http://ahmadsamantho.wordpress.com/2013/07/16/hitler-kabur-ke-indonesia-dan-kirim-senjata-buat-penjuang-indonesia-via-soekarno/
5. http://www.republika.co.id/berita/nasional/umum/13/11/19/mwhiqq-bangkai-kapal-selam-nazi-jerman-ditemukan-di-laut-jawa
6. http://www.republika.co.id/berita/nasional/umum/13/11/21/mwhk94-ini-identitas-bangkai-kapal-selam-jerman-yang-tenggelam
4. http://ahmadsamantho.wordpress.com/2013/07/16/hitler-kabur-ke-indonesia-dan-kirim-senjata-buat-penjuang-indonesia-via-soekarno/
5. http://www.republika.co.id/berita/nasional/umum/13/11/19/mwhiqq-bangkai-kapal-selam-nazi-jerman-ditemukan-di-laut-jawa
6. http://www.republika.co.id/berita/nasional/umum/13/11/21/mwhk94-ini-identitas-bangkai-kapal-selam-jerman-yang-tenggelam
If you have any comment, please do not hesitate to write a comment or contact me.
June 24, 2011
A New Human - Story of the "Hobbits" of Flores, Indonesia
In the Middle of 2010, during lunch together with friends in Nusa Dua, my England friend told me he had an interesting book. This book is is a story about exploration by a team from Australia, England, Indonesia etc. that discover a new human species in Flores, Indonesia. It's very interesting for me. Soon I read this book, this is the brief story inside it.In 2004 there was publication for exploration discovery of a new human species "Homo Floresiensis" in Liang Bua.
Liang Bua is a huge cave with dimension around 50 x 100 m2 with the height 50 metre. The Cave is located at Flores Island, Indonesia.
The team from "ARKENAS" cooperate with the researchers team from Australia, England and other countries discovered fosils from a new human species they called "Hobbit" from Flores Island.
human has brain volume around 1000 up to 1500 cc.After examining the fossils with many methods such carbon, magnetic, fusion, geology, etc. the team found out the age of the fossils is 840.000
years. This was the second biggest discoveries after water discovery in Mars planet. Unfortunately the publication in Indonesia was not big enough. Even
National Geographic &Discovery Channel already made the film of the exploration discovery.
If you want to know more details about the discovery, please read the book with title : A New Human, The Startling Discovery and Strange Story of the "Hobbit" of Flores, Indonesia. The writer was the team leader of the scientists. The name is Mike Morwood.
This book is available in English version, the Bahasa Indonesia version is not available yet. It's concerned as one of Smithsonian Books".He excavated "Liang Bua" and found artifacts in the same deposits as Stegodon fossils.
The team were following the steps of Father Theodor Verhoeven. He was a missionary there. He used "Liang Bua" as a teaching room. Everyday he teachs and educates the native children there in 1963.
It's amazing that he can estimate the age of the fossils using old technique but could conluded that the age of the fossils was 800.000 years ago.
But that time the archeological establishment refused to accept his findings or conclusion.
But that time the archeological establishment refused to accept his findings or conclusion.
If we checked the Bible, from Adam to Abraham is around 2000 years. From Abraham to Jesus is around 2000 years. From Jesus until today is 2011 years. So totally from the first human until today is around 6000 years. Our ancestor has a very big gap with the fossils of the human from Flores Island which is 840.000 years old.
In the book page 187, I read a sentence below :
"The discovery also generated all sorts of interpretations of philosophical, biological, anthropological and archaelogical issues. Prominent anthropologist and author Desmond Morris, presumably an atheist, claimed that "the discovery of a human 'hobbit' on Flores would force many religions to
"The discovery also generated all sorts of interpretations of philosophical, biological, anthropological and archaelogical issues. Prominent anthropologist and author Desmond Morris, presumably an atheist, claimed that "the discovery of a human 'hobbit' on Flores would force many religions to
examine their basic beliefs."
Press Conference
The display featured the LB1 lower jaw;skull and arm bones;the second, damaged lower jaw;a range of stone artifacts and animal bones; and in pride of place there was an anatomically accurate, lifelike model of the head of Hobbit.
Speeches were made emphasizing the importance of the new Indonesian magazine for promoting education, conservation and research---during which Terrance Adamson, the executive vice president of National Geographic, described Homo floresiensis as "the most astounding finding in world paleoanthropology in the last 50 years." After also speaking, President Yudhoyono signed a large poster of the first cover of the Indonesian version of the magazine featuring the depiction of a wild-eyed LB1, and was then presented with a framed photograph of the same. On the way out, President Yudhoyono and a large entourage visited the display to see LB1, guided by Thomas Sutikna, Rokus Awe Due and Harry Widianto. It was a great night for Indonesian archaeology.
Australian Research Council, the University of New England & the University of Wollongong dan National Geographic Society. Prof. Michael Macklin (UNE Dean of Arts) & Dr. John Francis (National Geographic) helped greatly in obtaining additional financial backing. Craig Robinson of Melbourne made a private donation.
Associated fieldwork was undertaken in collaboration with two Indonesian counterpart organizations. The team leader thank to Dr. Haris Sukendar, Dr. Tony Djubiantono & Prof. Raden Pandji Soejono of the National Research Centre for Archeology (ARKENAS);and Mr. Bambang Dwiyanto, Dr. Djadjang Sukarna, Mr. Didik Kosasih & Dr. Fachroel Aziz of the Geological Research and Development Centre in Bandung.
Collegues contributor to the project :Abraham Gampar, Adam Brumm, Bert Roberts, Bill Jungers, Carol Lentfer, Chris Turney, Doug Hobbs, Gert van den Bergh, Harry Truman Simanjuntak, Iwan Kurniawan, Jack Rink, Jacqueline Collins, Jatmiko, Jian Xin Zhao, Jose Abrantes, Kerrie Grant, Kira Westaway, Mangatas Situmorang, Mark Moore, Michael Bird, Netty Polhaupessy, Paul O'Sullivan, Peter Brown, Rokus Awe Due, Sri Wasisto, Suminto, Susan G. Larson, Thomas Sutikna, Tular Sudarmadi, Victoria Paine, Wahyu Saptomo & Yani Yuiawati.
The team leader also acknowledge the generous support of local authorities, particularly staff from the Manggarai, West Manggarai, Ngadha & Nusa Tenggara Timur administrations, as well as local participants in the surveys and excavations, including Agus Mangga, Alex Gadhu, Andras Mali, Ansel Musa Ganda, Benyamin Tarus, Dius Nggaa, Domi Ben, Domi Deo, Ferri Bali, Flori Bali, Gaba Gaur, Ginus Denga, Kornelius Podha, Kristo Fores, Minggus Siga, the late Musa Bali, Petrus Mangar, Pit Ludu, Rikus Bandar, Rius Laru, Sius Sambut & Willem Lewa Nau.
Extensive editorial changes to previous drafts by Penny Jordan, Gert van den Bergh, Kathy Morwood, Mark Moore, Tim Whiting, Catherine Hill & Sara Foster (Random House) & Thomas Kelleher (Smithsonian) helped pull the book together, while Bert Robers, Colin Groves, Dean Falk, Doug Hobbs, Fachroel Azis, Iain Davidson, John de Vos & Thomas Sutikna checked sections.
Penny van Oosterzee, the co writer would like to offer special thanks to a number of people for help with key insights into the sections on biogeography and sea currents. These include Robert Hall at the Royal Holloway Institute, London, for new information on plate tectonics and currents during glacial periods;Lars van den Hoeke Ostende from the National Museum of National History, Leiden, for his expertise on rodents and their origin, for directing her to Antoni Alcover from the Institut Mediterrani d'Estudis Avancats, Mallorca, and for the pivotal information on the Balearic Islands and the sea currents surrounding them. Finally, Lawrence Heaney from the Field Museum, Chicago, enthusiastically provided valuable information on island biogeography, generally, and that relating to the Philippines in particular.
Associated fieldwork was undertaken in collaboration with two Indonesian counterpart organizations. The team leader thank to Dr. Haris Sukendar, Dr. Tony Djubiantono & Prof. Raden Pandji Soejono of the National Research Centre for Archeology (ARKENAS);and Mr. Bambang Dwiyanto, Dr. Djadjang Sukarna, Mr. Didik Kosasih & Dr. Fachroel Aziz of the Geological Research and Development Centre in Bandung.
Collegues contributor to the project :Abraham Gampar, Adam Brumm, Bert Roberts, Bill Jungers, Carol Lentfer, Chris Turney, Doug Hobbs, Gert van den Bergh, Harry Truman Simanjuntak, Iwan Kurniawan, Jack Rink, Jacqueline Collins, Jatmiko, Jian Xin Zhao, Jose Abrantes, Kerrie Grant, Kira Westaway, Mangatas Situmorang, Mark Moore, Michael Bird, Netty Polhaupessy, Paul O'Sullivan, Peter Brown, Rokus Awe Due, Sri Wasisto, Suminto, Susan G. Larson, Thomas Sutikna, Tular Sudarmadi, Victoria Paine, Wahyu Saptomo & Yani Yuiawati.
The team leader also acknowledge the generous support of local authorities, particularly staff from the Manggarai, West Manggarai, Ngadha & Nusa Tenggara Timur administrations, as well as local participants in the surveys and excavations, including Agus Mangga, Alex Gadhu, Andras Mali, Ansel Musa Ganda, Benyamin Tarus, Dius Nggaa, Domi Ben, Domi Deo, Ferri Bali, Flori Bali, Gaba Gaur, Ginus Denga, Kornelius Podha, Kristo Fores, Minggus Siga, the late Musa Bali, Petrus Mangar, Pit Ludu, Rikus Bandar, Rius Laru, Sius Sambut & Willem Lewa Nau.
Extensive editorial changes to previous drafts by Penny Jordan, Gert van den Bergh, Kathy Morwood, Mark Moore, Tim Whiting, Catherine Hill & Sara Foster (Random House) & Thomas Kelleher (Smithsonian) helped pull the book together, while Bert Robers, Colin Groves, Dean Falk, Doug Hobbs, Fachroel Azis, Iain Davidson, John de Vos & Thomas Sutikna checked sections.
Penny van Oosterzee, the co writer would like to offer special thanks to a number of people for help with key insights into the sections on biogeography and sea currents. These include Robert Hall at the Royal Holloway Institute, London, for new information on plate tectonics and currents during glacial periods;Lars van den Hoeke Ostende from the National Museum of National History, Leiden, for his expertise on rodents and their origin, for directing her to Antoni Alcover from the Institut Mediterrani d'Estudis Avancats, Mallorca, and for the pivotal information on the Balearic Islands and the sea currents surrounding them. Finally, Lawrence Heaney from the Field Museum, Chicago, enthusiastically provided valuable information on island biogeography, generally, and that relating to the Philippines in particular.
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